Joseph Wambaugh, who has died of cancer aged 88, was one of the most important US crime writers of his generation. Beginning with his novels The New Centurions (1971) and The Blue Night (1972), and the nonfiction The Onion Field (1973), Wambaugh’s books and their screen adaptations were built around the inner tensions of police work.
Wambaugh, himself a Los Angeles cop for 14 years, knew well the challenges officers faced in maintaining some sort of normality while trapped in the messy realities of their brutal and often irrational jobs. He revealed the strains this put on their lives, and the sometimes extreme means they took to relieve that pressure. He also dealt unflinchingly with corruption, both personal, among cops, and structurally, within the politics of the police department and the city the officers were sworn to protect and serve.
“If he didn’t invent the police novel, he certainly reinvented it,” said the writer Michael Connelly, whose cop Harry Bosch confronted many of the same issues. Certainly, Wambaugh’s world was a far cry from the squeaky-clean image of the LAPD detective Joe Friday in the TV show Dragnet.
Wambaugh was born in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his father, Joseph, a steelworker and cop, was a small-town police chief and his mother, Anne (nee Malloy), was a housewife. They joined the postwar exodus to California when Joe was 14; he graduated from high school in Ontario, California at 17, in 1954, and joined the Marines. The following year, he married his high-school sweetheart, Dee Allsop.
Discharged in 1957, he worked in a steel mill while taking night classes in English at Los Angeles State College (now California State University Los Angeles). He received his BA in 1960 and joined the LAPD. He continued studying at night while walking a beat, and in 1968 received his master’s degree and was promoted to detective.
His early short stories were all rejected, but one editor advised he try longer form. His first novel, The New Centurions, spent 32 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. It tracks three 1960 graduates of the police academy as they learn their jobs, culminating in the Watts riots of 1965. The 1972 film of the novel gave George C Scott one of his best roles. By then Wambaugh had retired from the LAPD; he was arresting criminals who asked for his autograph, or for referrals to publishers or movie producers.
The Blue Knight told of a career beat cop, Bumper Morgan, in his last days before retirement. The 1973 TV miniseries based on the book produced an Emmy award for William Holden as Bumper, and a Golden Globe for Lee Remick as his wife, and spun off a TV series starring George Kennedy.
Wambaugh followed with The Onion Field, an account of the kidnapping by petty criminals of two LA cops, one of whom was killed while the other was able to escape. In a work often compared to Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, Wambaugh contrasted the way one of the two killers learns the veneer of respectability during the course of the trial, while the surviving cop struggles with the trauma of his experience. “I’m most interested in characters who have no conscience,” he explained, referencing his own Catholic upbringing. The book won a special Edgar Allan Poe award from the Mystery Writers of America; Wambaugh wrote the screenplay for Harold Becker’s excellent 1979 film, which starred James Woods and John Savage.
In 1973 he co-created the TV anthology series Police Story, episodes of which won Edgars in 1974 and 1975, and spun off another hit series, Police Woman, starring Angie Dickinson.
Each of Wambaugh’s next three novels quickly transitioned to film. The Choirboys (1975) became a vehicle for one of the director Robert Aldrich’s most anarchic efforts, in 1977, for which Wambaugh wrote the screenplay; he won another Edgar for the script for Becker’s adaptation of The Black Marble (1978).
The Glitter Dome (1980) was set in a Chinatown bar by that name where police officers romanced “chickens and vultures”, drawing a moral parallel with the police investigation into pornography. The 1984 HBO production starred James Garner and Margot Kidder.
After ranging into politics and Nobel prizes in Delta Star (1983), Wambaugh returned to true crime in 1984 with two books, Lines and Shadows, and Echoes in the Darkness. The latter became a TV miniseries with Stockard Channing, Peter Coyote and Treat Williams. It dealt with the murder in suburban Philadelphia of a schoolteacher and her two children, for which the school principal was one of two men convicted. When his conviction was later overturned, it emerged Wambaugh had paid the lead investigator $50,000, contingent on the principal’s arrest. Though the payment was not part of the overturning of the verdict, Wambaugh was sued by the principal, but won the case.
By now, his influence on police dramas had been widely absorbed, in everything from Hill Street Blues and NYPD Blue to The Shield. But Wambaugh’s own writing switched focus as he moved out of LA to Orange County and to San Diego: five novels between 1985 and 1996 dealt more with the shadow-lives of the rich elites in exclusive communities.
The Blooding (1989) was the true crime story of the Leicester murderer Colin Pitchfork, who was one of the first people convicted via DNA evidence. Wambaugh won his third Edgar for his next true crime story, Fire Lover (2002), about Frank Orr, America’s most prolific serial arsonist, who worked as a fire investigator.
Two years after his fourth Edgar, a lifetime achievement award in 2004, he returned to fiction, prompted by the federal government’s oversight of the LAPD following the Rampart corruption scandal. Hollywood Station (2006) was the first of five novels in six years, all with Hollywood in the title, starring the detective “Hollywood Nate” West and featuring a pair of detectives called Flotsam and Jetsam, shades of Connelly’s Crate and Barrel. They recalled the stories of his own early days on the force. “Once I create the characters,” he said, “I let [them] take me [where they are going]”.
Wambaugh is survived by his wife, son, David, and daughter, Jeanette. Another son, Mark, died in 1984.
